TITLE: Particle Size and Shape Analysis Using Microscope
OBJECTIVES:
- To determine the general shape for the particular material
- To determine the particle size and shape analysis of sands at different size and powders such as MCC, lactose using microscope.
- To analyze the shape of solid particles given 5 different samples
- To compare the size of solid particles of 5 different samples
INTRODUCTION:
The size of a solid
particles and liquid droplets are very important in achieving optimum
formulation and production of efficacious medicines. It influences the physical
performance of the medicine and the subsequent pharmacological effects of the
drug. Each powders have different particle size,thus the particles flow and
packing properties are different for every powders. Besides, the particle size
also influenced the rate at which the drug is released into solution by the
dosage from. The smaller the size of the
particles, the higher the rate of dissolution. This can give a direct impact on
bioavailability and drug handling by the body.
Several methods exist for measuring the
particle size, in the range from nanometers to thousand of micrometres. The methods
used for analyzing the particle sizes include sieve analysis, microscopy,
sedimentation techniques, the electrical sensing zone method, laser diffraction
and photon correlation spectroscopy. In this experiment, a microscope is used
to determine the particle size together with the analyzing of the particle
shape given 5 different types of sands and powders (MCC, lactose).
APPARATUS:
light microscope, slide, spatula
CHEMICALS:
sands (150μm, 355μm, 500μm, 850μm, mixed), MC,
lactose
PROCEDURES:
- Small amount of 5 different sizes of sand particles are filled into a small container.
- The size and shape of 5 different sizes of sand particles, lactose and MCC powder are analyzed under microscope.
- The particles are observed microscopically and then sketched the observation.
- The general shapes of particular materials are determined.
- The magnification that used in the observation is recorded
RESULTS:
Sand 150
Sand 350
Sand 500
Sand 850
Sand of various sizes
MCC
Lactose
DISCUSSION:
During the experiment,
we put different types of sand on slide to be directly observed them using a
light microscope. The sand should be spread evenly and just thin layer to avoid
agglomeration that will affect the observation. We observed that the particles
are irregular in shape. The size analysis is carried out on two-dimensional
image of particles which are generally assumed to be randomly oriented in
3-dimensional and they are viewed in their most stable orientation.
QUESTIONS:
- Explain in brief the various statistical methods that you can use to measure the diameter of a particle.
One
of the statistical method used in measuring the diameter of a particle is using
Feret’s and Martin’s diameter. Feret’s and Martin’s diameter are two different
statistical methods that are both dependent on the orientation and the shape of
the particles. Feret’s and Martin’s are the statistical diameters which are
averaged over many different orientations to produce a mean value for each
particle diameter. Feret’s diameter refers to the mean distance between two
parallel tangents to the projected particle perimeter and to ensure statistical
significance, all measurements are made in the same direction regardless of
particle orientation. Next, Martin’s diameter is the mean chord length of the
projected particle perimeter which can be considered as the boundary separating
equal particle areas or the distance between opposite sides of a particle
measured on a line bisecting the projected area. To maintain its statistical
significance, the measurements are made in the same direction regardless of the
orientation of the particle. Both Feret’s and Martin’s diameters are used for
particle analysis by optical and electron microscopy. It is also possible to
determine particle size based on spheres of equivalent volume meaning based on
number of particles that can occupy a fixed volume, sedimentation volume which
is based on the particle mass and mass or mass sieve of a given particle. Since
solid particle is often considered to approximate a sphere, it can be
characterized by determination of its diameter. The projected area and
projected perimeter can also can help in measuring the diameter of a particle.
The projected area diameter is based on a circle equivalent area to that of the
projected image of a solid particle where it gives the 2D area measurement of a
3D object by projecting its shape on to an arbitrary plane. In addition, the
projected perimeter diameter is based on a circle having the sample perimeter as
the particle.these two diameters are independent of particle orientation unless
if the particle is unsymmetrical in
three dimensions.
2.State
the best statistical method for each of the samples that you have analyzed.
The best
statistical method for the samples that have been analyzed is Feret’s and
Martin’s diameters. Since the particles are different in shape and orientation,
Feret’s and Martins diameters produce a mean value by the average of different
orientations.
CONCLUSION:
Using the light
microscope, the general shape of the particles and size of the sand particles,
MCC and lactose are able to be observed. MCC and lactose are both smaller in
size because their physical is in powder. Since when observing the particles
under the microscope, the same magnification power is used for all particles,
the difference of the size particles can be observed. Thus, the objective of
this experiment has achieved.
REFERENCE:
- 1.Alfred.N Martin. 2006. Martin’s Physical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences: Physical Chemical and Biopharmaceutical principles in the Pharmaceutical Sciences. Patrick J. Sinko, Yashveer Singh, David B. Troy. 6th Edition. Maryland: Lippincott William & Wilkins.
- Dr Haliza Katas. 2016. Particle Size Analysis. Slaid. Fakulti Farmasi Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
- http://www.slideshare.net/HORIBA/essentials-of-particle-size-analysis
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